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The galaxy UDFy-38135539, which was spotted by Europe's Very Large Telescope in Chile, is the most remote cluster of stars, gas and dust ever measured. It is so distant, scientists are observing it when the universe was in its infancy. Each time astronomers gaze at distant stars, they are looking back in time. Light from nearby stars takes just a few years to reach the Earth. But light from remote galaxies takes billions of years to travel across the universe.   Definitions: ESO: European Southern Observatory   Cosmic Dark Ages: Shortly after the Big Bang the universe was a cold and opaque place and this sombre era is dubbed the 'Dark Ages'. A few hundred million years later the first generation of stars and galaxies produced intense ultraviolet radiation, gradually lifting the hydrogen fog over the universe. This was the end of the Dark Ages and, with a term again taken over from human history, is sometimes referred to as the 'Cosmic Renaissance'.   VLT: Very Large Telescope made up of four separate optical telescopes organized in an array formation, built and operated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) at Cerro Paranal, a 2,635 m high mountain in northern Chile.   ESA: European Space Agency   Spectroscopy: dissection and analysis of an object's light into its component colors (i.e. energies) in order to infer the physical properties of that object (such as temperature, mass, luminosity and composition).

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